Footnote examples for different source types Omit the website name from its usual place if you’ve already listed it in place of the author. If you use a website name as an author, you may end up repeating the same information twice in one citation.
If a text doesn’t list its author’s name, the organization that published it can be treated as the author in your citation: Smith, Data Analysis (New York: Norton, n.d.), 293.
#NISUS WRITER PRO SPACING BETWEEN FOOTNOTES FULL#
If the source lacks a stated publication date, the abbreviation “n.d.” (no date) should replace the year in a full note:ġ. Smith, “Thematic Analysis,” under “Methodology.” Abbreviate words like “paragraph” to “par.” and “chapter” to “chap.”, and put headings in quotation marks:ġ. a website) has no page numbers, but you still think it’s important to cite a specific part of the text, other locators like headings, chapters or paragraphs can be used. You might be missing page numbers, the author’s name, or the publication date. You sometimes won’t have all the information required for your citation. When there are four or more authors, add “ et al.” (Latin for “and others”) after the first author’s name.Īnne Armstrong, Marianne Krasny, and Jonathon Schuldt Sources with multiple authorsįootnotes for sources with two or three authors should include all the authors’ names. Hulme, “Romanticism and Classicism” Eliot, The Waste Land Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” 11.
If you need to cite multiple sources in one sentence, you can combine the citations into one footnote, separated by semicolons:ġ. Combining multiple citationsĭo not place multiple footnotes at the same point in your text (e.g. Joseph (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 91.Ģ. Mary Shelley, Frankenstein or, the Modern Prometheus, ed. Shorten them in a way that retains the keyword(s) so that the text is still easily recognizable for the reader:ġ. In short notes, titles of more than four words are shortened. However, if the source doesn’t have page numbers, or if you’re referring to the text as a whole, you can omit the page number. If you quote a source or refer to a specific passage, include a page number or range. Full notes also include all the relevant publication information (which varies by source type). The citation always includes the author’s name and the title of the text, and it always ends with a period. The footnote contains the number of the citation followed by a period and then the citation itself. The numbering does not restart with a new page or section (although in a book-length text it may restart with each new chapter). Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on. Notes should be numbered consecutively, starting from 1, across the whole text. Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing” 1-but Smith contends that… Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing.” 1 It is placed after any punctuation except a dash: The reference number appears in superscript at the end of the clause or sentence it refers to. You can easily insert footnotes in Microsoft Word. They appear at the bottom of the relevant page, corresponding to reference numbers in the text. Placement of footnotesįootnotes should be used whenever a source is quoted or paraphrased in the text. Check with your instructor if you’re unsure. Sometimes you might be required to use a full note for every citation, or to use a short note every time as long as all sources appear in the bibliography. The guidelines for use of short and full notes can vary across different fields and institutions.
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